The chromosomal and single-gene disorders are hereditary in nature and therefore, can be transmitted from parents to offspring.
Further Explanation:
A change or mutation in a particular gene of DNA results in a specific inheritance pattern and is called single-gene disorder. Such disorders are rare in the population and can be tracked easily within a family. The probability of its occurrence in the future generation can also be predicted. This disorder is categorized into three types: recessive, dominant, and X-linked.
When the dominant allele of a gene is affected it suppresses the expression of the other healthy allele is it recessive or dominant. It usually occurs in the heterozygous state. As a result the mutant allele gets expressed and displays the symptoms of the disease. The mutated dominant allele is passed onto every generation and therefore, the disease is expressed in everyone in the family. For example, Huntington’s disease is a disorder in the brain in which a single gene on chromosome 4 is defective.
In recessive disorders, the recessive allele is defective and the disease occurs only in the homozygous state when both the defective alleles are present. In case of heterozygous state, the healthy allele can suppress the expression of the recessive mutant allele. In order to transfer the disease to the offspring, both the parents must contain the defective allele. For example, sickle cell anemia.
The presence of defective X chromosome results in X-linked diseases. It can be either a recessive or dominant disorder. These disorders are mostly seen in males as they contain only one copy of the X- chromosome. Examples are hemophilia and Rett syndrome.
A mutation or abnormality in a person’s chromosomes results in chromosomal disorders. Down syndrome represents a chromosomal disorder in which an extra copy of chromosome 21 is usually present in an embryo. The extra copy is transmitted genetically from either parent to the offspring and causes developmental changes in the embryo as a result of which the child becomes mentally and physically abnormal.
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Answer Details:
Grade: College Biology
Subject: Genetics
Chapter: Single gene and Chromosomal disorders
Keywords:
Chromosomal disorders, single-gene disorders, mutation, chromosomes, genes, allele, Huntington’s disorder, Down syndrome, Sickle cell anemia, recessive disorders, dominant disorders, X-linked disorders.
