In order to be substantiated child maltreatment, abuse or neglect must be verified by the authorities.
A peer-reviewed academic publication called Child Maltreatment publishes articles in the disciplines of psychology, family studies, and social work. It has been available since 1996, and SAGE Publications and the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children currently publish it.
It should be noted tat Abuse or neglect of children must be confirmed by the authorities in order to be considered proven child maltreatment.
Therefore, option C is correct.
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