Respuesta :
The end products of digestion for carbohydrates, fats, proteins are as follows:
Carbohydrates: Glucose
Fats: Fatty acids and glycerol
Proteins: Amino acids
The digestive enzymes secreted in the saliva, stomach, duodenum, and from the pancreas and their respective substrates are as follows:
Saliva: Salivary amylase (acts on starch), lingual lipase ( acts on fats) and lysozymes (kills pathogenic particles which might have entered the oral cavity via food intake).
Stomach: Pepsin (acts on proteins) and gastric lipase (acts on triglycerides).
Duodenum: Duodenal enterokinase ( acts on trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen) Maltase (acts on maltose), Lipase (acts on lactose) and Sucrase ( acts on sucrose).
Pancreas: Trypsinogen (inactive form of trypsin), chymotrypsinogen (inactive form of chymotrypsin), elastases (acts on elastin), Lipase ( acts on dietary fat molecules), protease (acts on dietary proteins) and pancreatic amylase (acts on starch molecules).
How do the digestive enzymes secreted in saliva work?
Salivary amylase: Digestion of carbohydrates also starts in the mouth. The amylase produced by the salivary glands, breaks down complex carbohydrates i.e, primarily cooked starch into shorter chains or even simple sugars. It's also known as ptyalin at times.
Lingual lipase: The mouth is where lipid digestion begins. Lingual lipase initiates the breakdown of lipids and fats.
Lysozyme: Because food contains microorganisms like bacteria and viruses in addition to important nutrients, it has a limited but nevertheless useful antiseptic function during digestion.
How do the digestive enzymes secreted in stomach work?
Pepsin: The primary stomach enzyme is pepsin. It is created by the principal cells of the stomach, which are zymogens that manufacture pepsinogen, an inactive form of the digestive enzyme. The stomach acid then converts pepsinogen into its active form, pepsin. Pepsin breaks down the protein in the diet into more manageable pieces like amino acids and fragments of peptides. As a result, protein digestion primarily begins in the stomach, as opposed to carbohydrate and lipid digestion, which begins in the mouth.
Gastric lipase: It is an acidic lipase that is released by the gastric main cells of the stomach's fundic mucosa. Its pH ranges from 3-6. Gastrointestinal lipase and lingual lipase are the two acidic lipases namely. These lipases do not require bile acid or colipase for effective enzymatic action, in contrast to alkaline lipases (like pancreatic lipase). Gastric lipases act on triglyceride molecules to produce fatty acids and glycerol.
How do the digestive enzymes secreted in duodenum work?
Duodenal enterokinase: Trypsinogen is activated into its active i.e, trypsin by the duodenal enzyme enterokinase.
Maltase: Helps in conversion of maltose into glucose.
Lactase: Helps in breaking down of lactose into glucose and galactose.
Sucrase: Breaks down sucrose to produce glucose and fructose.
How do the digestive enzymes secreted in pancreas work?
Trypsinogen: Produced as an inactive (zymogenic) protease which is turned into trypsin in the duodenum. Trypsin breaks down proteins at their fundamental amino acids. The duodenal enzyme enterokinase converts trypsinogen into its active form, trypsin.
Chymotrypsinogen: When duodenal enterokinase activates the inactive (zymogenic) protease chymotrypsinogen, it transforms into the enzyme chymotrypsin, which degrades proteins at their aromatic amino acids.
Carboxypeptidase: A protease which removes the protein's terminal amino acid group.
Elastases: Break down various proteins, including elastin.
Pancreatic lipase: Triglycerides are broken down by pancreatic lipase into two fatty acids and a monoglyceride.
Several nucleases, such as DNAase and RNAase, break down nucleic acids.
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The end products of the digestion of carbohydrates are monosaccharides like glucose, fats are fatty acids and glycerol, and proteins are amino acids.
What are the enzymes that help in the digestion process?
Salivary amylase (ptyalin) is a cleavage enzyme produced by the salivary glands that help in the digestion of carbohydrates and converts them into glucose.
Pepsin is an enzyme secreted by the stomach that serves to digest proteins found in the ingested food.
Gastric lipase is an acidic lipase secreted by the gastric chief cells in the fundic mucosa of the cells that helps in the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
Pancreatic enzymes include trypsin and chymotrypsin in the digestion of proteins, amylase in the digestion of carbohydrates, and lipase to break down fats.
Hence, Digestive enzymes are a group of enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption into the cells of the body.
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