Which statement best describes a factor that helped bring Europe to the brink of change by the end of the Hundred Years' War?

Question 44 options:

A series of crises had accelerated the end feudalism in Europe.

The Great Schism had turned many Christians toward Islam and Judaism.

The Black Death had brought about key advancements in medicine.

The Hundred Years' War had devastated France and left it vulnerable to invasion by Spain.