According to ethical guidelines in applied behavior analysis (ABA), which of the following statements is true regarding the use of punishment contingencies?
1) Punishment contingencies should always be the first choice in behavior modification.
2) Punishment contingencies should be used as the sole method of behavior change.
3) Punishment contingencies should never replace or occur without comprehensive assessment and individualized positive reinforcement programs.
4) Punishment contingencies should be used without the need for close clinical supervision.