The idea of Manifest Destiny included all of the following beliefs EXCEPT:
a. Commerce and industry would decline as the nation expanded its agricultural base.
b. The use of land for settled agriculture was preferable to its use for nomadic hunting.
c. Westward expansion was both inevitable and beneficial.
d. God had selected America as a chosen land and people.
e. The ultimate extent of the American domain was to be from the tropics to the Arctic.